はじめに

オクラホマは、米国の地理的中心にあり、2018年、米国のランオフ保険市場トピックの中心になりました。オクラホマの保険契約移管法（Insurance Business Transfer Act）（2018年11月1日施行）は、保険契約移管（IBT）という手段により保険契約者の同意なしに移管元保険会社から引受会社に保険契約を移管・更改する米国史上初のディール成立に近づくにつれ、情報が明らかになってきました。 本法制は、米国のリスクを引き受ける保険会社および再保険会社に対して、負債に関する義務について待ち望んでいた結論を与えるものです。会計会社のPwCが実施した最近の調査によると、米国の損害保険ランオフ市場の負債規模は$3500億と見積もられ、生命保険および長期介護保険のランオフ負債を織り込むと$1兆以上になるとされ、潜在的影響は大きいとしています。

本プロセスにおいて不可欠な役割として独立した専門家（IE）があり、伝統的に米国以外の地域のアクチュアリーが担っていました。IEは、最終的に移管の承認をしなくてはならない規制当局や裁判所に対して取引の公平性に関する知見や長期的な見通しを提供します。

保険契約者保護は、IBTにおいて最重要事項であり、移転元企業および引き受け企業双方から保険契約者の利益を保護するという点でIEの役割は決定的に重要です。本稿では、レガシー負債を持つ全ての企業にとってのこの新たな機会についての背景を提示し、なぜアクチュアリーがこのプロセスの中心的役割を果たすのかについて論じます。

What problems can an IBT solve?

There are many reasons business is placed into run-off voluntarily by insurance risk-taking entities, meaning new business is no longer being written. These reasons could include exiting a line of business or program that has become unprofitable and would be difficult to correct, or exiting the business as part of a strategic plan to streamline a company’s focus on a particular line or type of business. This can often happen after an acquisition when the acquirer will cease writing and dispose of unwanted business. Business can also be placed into run-off as part of a regulator’s plan to rehabilitate a company.

Companies may want to shed the legacy liabilities associated with run-off business for various purposes including:

• To eliminate uncertainty and volatility in future loss emergence
• To free up capital for more profitable enterprises
• To reduce associated administrative expenses and possible management distraction
• To address regulatory or rating agency concerns
• To end poorly performing insurance relationships

However, U.S. companies have been limited in their ability to move legacy liabilities off their balance sheets, primarily relying on either reinsurance or the selling of an entity that contained the liabilities. Reinsurance transactions such as loss portfolio transfers, commutations, or stop-loss contracts can be used, but they do not offer finality as claims can revert to the originating insurer. While the selling of a company does offer finality, it does so at the cost of getting rid of the company and the possibility of having to provide a reserve guarantee.

How did the IBT come about?

The new law in Oklahoma is modeled directly after a law in the U.K. that allows for a “Part VII Transfer.” This transaction is named after Part VII of the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000, which allows an insurer to transfer policies to another insurer with court approval but without explicit policyholder approval. Other U.S. states have enacted similar laws, though the closest to Oklahoma’s have been Rhode Island’s Voluntary Restructuring of Solvent Insurers Act (known as Insurance Regulation 68), which was amended in 2015 to allow for a court-ordered IBT, and Vermont’s 2014 Legacy Insurance Management Act (LIMA), which only requires insurance commissioner (regulatory) approval.

There are some variations and differences in the acts. For example, the Oklahoma act applies to life, health, and property-casualty liabilities. The Rhode Island act only applies to property-casualty books. LIMA only applies to non-admitted policies and reinsurance agreements. In Vermont, policyholders can opt out, while Oklahoma and Rhode Island do not require policyholder consent (in essence, the court is acting on behalf of the policyholders). The Oklahoma law is open to both run-off and active books of business. In addition, Rhode Island and Vermont laws require that the policy periods have been expired for at least 60 months. While there are differences, these new laws all provide for finality—a great advantage for the transferring company.

Role of the Independent Expert

Under a Part VII transfer, the companies involved in transferring and assuming the business must jointly propose an IE to be reviewed and approved by the U.K. regulators. Similarly, under the Oklahoma IBT law, the companies involved jointly provide a list of IEs, from which one is selected by the Insurance Commissioner. The IE ultimately works for the state court and is relied upon to assess the terms of proposed transfers with specific focus on protecting the interests of the policyholders involved. More specifically, the IE shall provide a report with an analysis of:

• The adequacy of the transferring insurer’s reserves
• The financial condition of both the transferring and assuming insurers and the effect of the transfer on the financial condition of each company
• The plans of the assuming insurer for administration of the policies subject to the proposed transfer
• Whether the proposed transfer has a material, adverse impact on the policyholders and claimants of the transferring and the assuming insurers, including security and level of service
• The assuming insurers’ corporate governance structure to ensure there is proper oversight and expertise to manage the business
• Likely effects if the IBT is or is not implemented and the consideration of any alternative arrangements
• Any other information that the commissioner requests in order to review the IBT

The proper execution of these business transfers depends on their fairness— that no group of policyholders is materially adversely impacted by the IBT.

Who’s the fairest of them all?

Actuaries currently sign reserve opinions for insurers in their own names, putting their reputations on the line each and every time they evaluate an insurance company’s financial position. This is proven evidence of an actuary’s requirement to be a reliable source of credible analysis to insurance regulators. While not specifically stated in either act, we believe the IE role is uniquely suited to actuaries for the following reasons:

• Critical issues regarding the testing and analyzing of capitalization, reserve adequacy, and reinsurance are all items within an actuary’s training and mandate
• Actuaries have relevant and deep knowledge of the types of business typically involved in run-off, which tend to be difficult exposures such as asbestos, construction defect, and workers' compensation
• Actuaries have experience in working with insurance regulators in financial matters such as the provision of statutory Statements of Actuarial Opinion and Own Risk and Solvency Assessments (ORSAs), provided annually
• Actuaries are trained to provide expert opinion and testimony, possessing the ability to communicate technical concepts in an understandable form to audiences such as legislators, members of court, and policyholders

It is important to note that serving as an IE for an IBT is not a new role for the actuarial profession. In the U.K., the majority, if not all, of the IEs used in Part VII transfers are actuaries. It is also important to note that, of the approximately 250 Part VII transfers approved in the U.K., there have been no insolvencies.

What does the future hold?

While several of these new legacy laws have recently been enacted and there appears to be great enthusiasm for them within the run-off community, it is far from certain how often these processes will actually be used. For example, though the laws in Vermont and Rhode Island have been in place for several years, no actual transactions have been consummated to date.

The new laws will all need to be tested, challenged, and approved in court before insurers take full advantage of them. Another obstacle to full implementation by insurers could be the required approval of the IBT by the regulator in the state of domicile for the transferring company. Until a critical mass of states adopt similar laws, it may be difficult for regulators in states without similar laws to decide to expose policyholders under their protection to even a small increase of risk by allowing an IBT. This obviously increases the importance of the role of the IE in the transaction.

As other U.S. states consider enacting laws similar to those in Oklahoma, we believe the interest in allowing IBT transactions will gain momentum and may become almost necessary in the future. A PwC survey of run-off entities indicates that 41% of U.S. respondents plan to use an IBT in the next three years. The interest expressed by insurers will only increase as the benefits lessen from recent favorable run-off of prior year loss reserves. This could put additional pressure on capital and solvency, increasing the value and use of IBTs.

Experts indicate, and we agree, that once the first deal is consummated, many deals will follow and more states will certainly enter into the mix. It is also worth noting that IBTs may be used for any risk-bearing entity—an insurer, reinsurer, captive, risk retention group, or self-insured organization—so the potential opportunity for application is large and varied.

Conclusion

IBTs will provide a revolutionary new tool to any entity with U.S. run-off liabilities. Based on their education and training, actuaries are ideally suited to play the key role of Independent Expert, allowing this process to proceed and flourish.